THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL OF TANZANIA

CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION EXAMINATION

012             HISTORY

(For Both School and Private Candidates)

Time: 3 Hours          Wednesday, 07^nd November 2018 p.m.

Instructions

1. This paper consists of sections A, B and C with a total of ten (10) questions.
2. Answer all       questions in sections A and B and three (3) questions from section C.
3. Cellular phones and any unauthorised materials are not allowed in the examination room.
4. All drawings should be in pencil.
5. Write your Examination Number on every page of your answer booklet(s).

SECTION A (20 Marks)

Answer all questions in this section.

1.  For each of the items (i) - (x), choose the correct answer from among the given alternatives and write its letter beside the item number in the answer booklet provided.

(i)   The average differences of age between parents and their children is called

1. period.
2.  age
3. family tree.
4. timeline. 
5. generation. 

(ii)  The first creature to walk in an upright fashion was called

1. Homo Erectus.
2. Primates.
3. Homo Sapiens. 
4. Hominids.
5. Homo Habilis. 

(iii)  Archaeological findings whose ages are beyond 5,000 years are determined by

1. using archives.
2. using carbon 14.
3. remembering events. 
4. using time charts.
5.  narration of past events. 

(iv)  What was the achievement of man during the Middle Stone Age?

1. Discovery of fire
2. Development of bipedalism
3.  Domestication of animals 
4. Making and using pebble tools
5. Discovery of iron

(v)  Which one among the following places did people paint and draw in the caves?

1. Sofala
2.  Karagwe
3. Kondoa Irangi
4. Tabora
5. Bagamoyo 

(vi) Trading contacts between East Africa and Asia in the 16^th  centuries were disturbed by 

1. Berlin conference resolutions.
2. activities of agents of colonialism.
3. expulsion of the Portuguese.
4. effects of the First World War.
5. Portuguese invasion. 

(vii) Who was the greatest ruler of Mali.

1. Askia Mohamed
2. Mansa Kankan Musa
3. Osei Tutu  
4. Uthman dan Fodio
5. Suni Ali

(viii) The making of goods and services available for human needs is known as

1. consumption. 
2.  production.
3. consolidation. 
4. interaction.
5.  transition.

(ix) Which one of the following was the immediate consequence of the development of Triangular trade?

1. Decolonization of African countries
2. Disruption of trans-Saharan trade
3. Scramble and partition of Africa
4. Adaptation of the Open Door Policy
5. Implementation of indirect rule policy

(x) America defeated her colonial master in 

1. 1873.
2. 1884. 
3. 1945.
4. 1776. 
5. 1918.

2. Match the items in List A with the correct responses in List B by writing the letter of the corresponding response beside the item number in the answer booklet provided.

SECTION B (20 Marks)

Answer all questions in this section.

3.  (a) Draw a sketch map of Africa and locate the following:

1. A country in West Africa which attained independence under the leadership of Nnamdi Azikiwe.
2. A country which became peaceful after the death of Jonas Savimbi in 2002.
3. A country whose nationalist leader became her president after being imprisoned for 27 years.
4. German East Africa
5. A country in which the Headquarters of the African Union is situated.

(b) Outline five problems which faced Tanganyika African National Union during the struggle for independence.

4.   (a) Arrange the following statements in chronological order by writing number 1 to 5 beside the item number.

1. Portuguese were expelled from Fort Jesus.
2. Vasco Da Gama reaches East Africa.
3. Bartholomew Diaz reaches the Cape of Good Hope.
4. Tanganyika becomes a mandate colony under the British.
5. Britain becomes the first nation to undergo industrialization. 

(b) The items (i-v) consist of four sentences which form a complete historical meaning. One of the sentences is missing. Identify the missing sentence from the sentences (A - E) given after each set of items and write its letter beside the item number.

(i) 1. Clan organization was formed by several related families. 

2. _______________________

3. Clan organization developed both matrilineal and patrilineal societies.

4. In matrilineal societies clan heritage was based on the mother.

1. People in clan organizations were governed by grandfathers.
2. People in clan organizations were governed by clan heads.
3. People in clan organizations were governed by kings.
4. People in clan organizations were governed by chiefs.
5. People in clan organizations were governed by queens.       

(ii) 1.One of the first Europeans to enter the interior of East Africa were traders.

2. Most of these traders were British and Germans.

3. Carl Peters led the German East Africa COmpany to sign bogus treaties with African chiefs.

4. _________________________

1. Imperial British Africa Company led by Cecil Rhodes ruled Uganda.
2. Traders facilitated colonialism by constructing infrastructure.
3. Royal Niger Company in East Africa played similar roles.
4. Chartered companies contributed to the decolonisation of Africa.
5. European companies aided Africans in their struggles for independence.

(iii) 1. There were few communal societies in East Africa by 1850.

2.    These include the Hadzabe in Tanzania and the Dorobo in Kenya.

3.  __________________________

4.    They had few external interactions and maintained their mode of production.

1. These people used slaves in their social and economic production.
2. These people were famous long distance traders.
3. These people resisted strongly against the colonialists.
4. These people were displaced in South Africa by Mfecane.
5. These people still lived in shifting groups of hunters and gatherers.

(iv)1. From 1860s capitalism transformed from competitive to monopoly.

2.   This phase was characterized by formation of big monopolies companies.

3.    Secondly, banks now lent money for and directed investment.

4.  _____________________.

1. The third feature was the merging of bank and industrial capital.
2. The third feature was the formation of the League of Nations.
3. The third feature was the emergence of Pan-Africanism.
4. The third feature was the abolition of slave trade.
5. The third feature was the decolonization of Africa.

(v) 1. East Africa was seriously affected by the  development of capitalism.

2. These effects range from slave trade to the colonization of Africa.

3.  _________________________

4. During the 1850s, slaves became the major commodity.

1. Before the 1850s sisal and cotton were the major commodities. 
2. Before the 1850s gold and cotton were the major commodities.
3. Before the 1850s the major commodities were slaves and ivory.
4. Before the 1850s sisal and iron were the major commodities.
5. Before the 1850s iron and coal were the major commodities.           

SECTION C (60 Marks)

Answer three (3) questions from this section.

5. In six points, explain the importance of Museums to national development.

6.  Examine six effects of Majimaji uprising in Tanganyika.

7.     Assess six main features of colonial trade and commerce in Africa.

8.   “East Africa was affected by the coming of Oman rulers in Zanzibar form 1840s”. Discuss this statement by giving six points.

9.    With concrete examples, assess six problems facing the current East African Community.

10.   Assess six effects of economic interactions among the people of AFrica during the pre-colonial period.

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION EXAMINATION

012                   HISTORY

(For Both School and Private Candidates)

Time: 3 Hours                              Thursday, 02^nd November 2017 p.m. 

Instructions

1. This paper consists of sections A, B and C with a total of ten (10) questions.
2. Answer all       questions in sections A and B and three (3) questions from section C.
3. Cellular phones and any unauthorised materials are not allowed in the examination room.
4. All drawings should be in pencil.
5. Write your Examination Number on every page of your answer booklet(s).

SECTION A (20 Marks)

 Answer all questions in this section.

 1. For each of the items (i) - (x), choose the correct answer from among the given alternatives and write its letter beside the item number in the answer booklet provided.

(i) Which of the following are included in the museums?

1. Cultural, social and economic items from the earliest time to the present.
2. Remains which show man’s past made and used tools.
3. Cultural practices such as art, music religion and riddles.
4. Colonial records and early traveller’s records.
5. Special names of generations, clan trees and tribal chronology.

(ii) The coastal city states which grew from the trade contacts between East Africa and Asia were

1. Mwanza, Tanga and Dar es Salaam
2. Malindi, Kilwa and Mombasa
3. Nairobi, Kampala and Dar es Salaam
4. Lamu, Bagamoyo and Mbeya 
5. Mombasa, Zanzibar and Kigoma.

(iii) The type of colonial agriculture which predominated in Kenya was

1. plantation 
2. peasant 
3. co-operative 
4. settler
5. pastoralism.

(iv)The primitive communal societies were characterized by the following features except

1. hunting and gathering
2. low production 
3. exploitation of man by man 
4. low level of technology 
5. dependence on nature.

(v) Which of the following did not result from the contacts between East Africans and the people from the Middle and Far East?

1. Construction of Fort Jesus.
2. Introduction of Islam. 
3. Emergence of slave trade 
4. Intermarriage.
5. Growth of coastal towns

(vi)Who convened the conference which legalized the colonization of Africa?

1. David Livingstone.
2. Carl Peters.
3. Otto Von Bismarck.
4. Charles Darwin.
5. Adolf Hitler.

(vii)      The period which was characterized by intense competition and warfare among the European states during the 17^th century is called      

1. capitalism
2. mercantilism
3. feudalism
4. industrial revolution
5.  scramble.

(viii)When did most parts of East Africa adopt iron technology?

1.  1^ST millennium AD. 
2. 1^ST millennium BC. 
3. 3^RD millennium AD. 
4. 2^ND millenium AD.
5. 2^ND millennium BC.

(ix) The increase of the European merchants in the interior of Africa after the abolition of slave trade aimed at

1.  intensifying slavery and slave trade
2.  establishing heavy industries
3.  searching for the sea route to India
4. Establishing legitimate trade
5. assisting the Africans economically.

(x) Industrial development in Africa was not prioritized by the capitalists during the colonial time because

1. the colonialists were interested in obtaining raw materials
2. the colonialists stressed on the provision of social services
3. the climate did not favour industrial development
4. Africa had no enough raw materials
5. Africa had no infrastructure to support the industries.

2.Match the items in List A with the correct responses in List B by writing the letter of the corresponding response beside the item number in the answer booklet provided.

SECTION B (20 Marks)

Answer all questions in this section.

3.  (a) Draw a sketch map of Africa and locate by using roman numbers:

1. A country whose independence sharpened the continent-wide struggle for independence.
2. A country in which Biafra war occurred.
3. A Portuguese colony which attained her independence under the leadership of Augostino Neto.
4. A country in which the Organization of African Unity was formed.
5. The canal built by the colonists to facilitate voyages to and from India and the Middle East.

(b) Outline five tactics used to establish the colonial economy in Africa. 

4. (a) Arrange the following statements in chronological order by writing number 1 to 5 beside the item number.

1. The scramble for colonies reached serious proportions by 1884.
2. The Conference was held in Berlin from 1884 to 1885
3. In order to avert war, the German Chancellor called an international conference.
4. There were signs that if this scramble was not regulated, war would erupt among the European powers.
5. The Conference was attended by Belgium, Britain, France, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany, Denmark and the United States of America. 

(b) The items (i-v) consist of four sentences which form a complete historical meaning. One of the sentences (A - E) is missing. Identify the missing sentence and write its letter beside the item number.

 (i) 1.National armed forces are established because of some objectives.

2. They protect the country from external aggression.

3. They promote internal security and integrity.

4. _____________________. 

1. They are characterized by jailing the thieves.
2. They participate in the League of Nations.
3. They are members of the Security Council.
4. They heavily depended on prisoner’s labor.
5. They provide assistance during national emergencies.

(ii) 1. The survival of the colonial system despite the formal attainment of political independence is called neo-colonialism.

2.  African countries became victims of this system through political, economic and technical means.

3. ___________________________.

4.  Developing countries are conditioned to depend on the developed countries politically, socially and economically.

1. The system works through agents of colonialism.
2. This system works through African Unity.
3. This system works through the World Bank.
4. This system works through equal exchange.
5. This system works through scramble for colonies.

(iii) 1. Political instability has also weakened the attempts of many countries to attain political unity.

2. Civil wars in Africa have contributed to the backwardness of the continent.

3. Civil wars have been experienced in Rwanda, Burundi, Sudan and Somalia.

4.   ________________________.

1. Its consequences include lack of economic progress and loss of life.
2. Its consequences include loss of property and slave labour.
3. Its consequences include destruction of property and the power of Veto.
4. Its consequences include indirect rule and loss of life.
5. Its consequences include mass nationalism and nationalist struggles.

(iv)   1.Colonial oppression was extended in political, economic and social spheres.

2. Politically, the Africans in Africa had no democracy.

3. They did not have representation in the legislative council.

4. __________________. 

1. They did not have the right to vote.
2. They lacked membership in the Security Council.
3. They demanded Africans to be Kings in Europe.
4. They replaced colonialism with neo-colonialism.
5. They initiated an Open Door Policy in Africa.

(v) 1. The Portuguese were reluctant to grant independence since Mozambique was a settler colony.

2. The Portuguese never believed that Africans could be stronger than them.

3.  The Portuguese government banned all political parties in the colony.

4.___________________.

1.  The Portuguese were ready for peaceful transformation of power.
2. Mozambique was not regarded as part and parcel of Portugal.
3. Portugal was one among the richest countries in Europe.
4. Colonies were regarded as overseas provinces of Portugal.
5. The colony was not very important to Portugal’s economy.             

SECTION C (60 Marks)

Answer three (3) questions from this section.

5. Explain six significance of studying History.

6.  Access six contributions made by discovery of fire to the development of human being.

7.  Critically examine six effects of the legitimate trade in West Africa.

8. “Colonial health system was discriminative.” Substantiate this statement by giving six points.

9.Why some Africans collaborated with Europeans during colonial invasion? (Give six points).

10. Explain six advantages of the discovery of iron to African societies.

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION EXAMINATION

012 HISTORY

(For Both School and Private Candidates)

Time: 3 Hours Thursday, 03^rd November 2016 p.m. 

Instructions

 1. This paper consists of sections A, B and C.

2. Answer all questions in sections A and B and three (3) questions from section C.

3. Cellular phones are not allowed in the examination room.

4. All drawings should be in pencil.

5. Write your Examination Number on every page of your answer booklet(s).

SECTION A (20 Marks)

Answer all questions in this section.

1. For each of the items (i) - (x), choose the correct answer from among the given alternatives and write its letter beside the item number in the answer booklet provided.

(i) One of the factors for the fall of Songhai empire was

1.  invasion from the Moroccans
2.  attacks from the Tuaregs
3.  attacks from the almoravids
4.  establishment of colonialism
5.  introduction of legitimate trade.

(ii) What was the major cause of the Great Depression?

1.  Second World War. 
2.  First World War. 
3.  Berlin Conference 
4.  Boer Trek. 
5.  Anglo-Boer war.

(iii) The first European nation to industrialize was

1.  Germany 
2.  Britain 
3.  France 
4.  Belgium 
5.  Holland.

(iv) The theory of evolution was proposed by

1.  Louis Leakey 
2.  Carl Peters 
3.  Charles Darwin 
4.  Henry Stanley 
5.  Donald Cameron.

(v) Three pre-colonial modes of production which existed in Africa were

1.  Socialism, capitalism and communism
2.  Socialism, capitalism and communalism
3.  Slavery, feudalism and communalism 
4.  Slavery, feudalism and communism 
5.  Socialism, capitalism and humanism.

(vi) The core ideas of the French Revolution were

1.  slave trade, colonialism and neo-colonialism
2.  markets, raw materials and cheap labour
3.  communalism, slavery and feudalism
4.  fraternity, liberty and equality
5.  scramble, partition and bogus treaties.

(vii) The people whose work is to study and explain remains which show man’s physical development and the tools he made and used are called

1.  Iron Smiths 
2.  Industrialists 
3.  Revolutionists 
4.  Evolutionists 
5.  Archaeologists.

(viii) Which among the following include the three organs of the United Nations Organization?

1.  The General Assembly, Secretariat and the World Bank.
2.  The Secretariat, Security Council and General Assembly.
3.  The World Bank, League of Nations and Security Council.
4.  The International Court of Justice, World Bank and Secretariat.
5.  The Security Council, UNESCO and International Court of Justice.

(ix) The economic system of goods and services which comprised activities such as trade, manufacturing, agriculture and mining during the colonial era is called

1.  Neo-colonialism 
2.  Trusteeship 
3.  Nationalism 
4.  Bureaucracy 
5.  Colonial economy.

(x) Who discovered the skull of the earliest ancestors of man in Olduvai Gorge?

1.  David Livingstone. 
2.  Charles Darwin. 
3.  Carl Peters. 
4.  Vasco Da Gama. 
5.  Louis Leakey.

2. Match the stems in List A with the correct responses in List B by writing the letter of the correct response beside the item number in the answer booklet provided.

SECTION B (20 Marks)

Answer all questions in this section.

3. (a) Draw a sketch map of the new East Africa Community and locate by using roman numbers;

(i) The member state in which an identity card (Kipande) was given to the labourer during colonial economy era.

(ii) The headquarters of the committee which was responsible for coordinating the activities of national liberation movements for eradicating colonialism in Africa.

(iii) The country in which the 1994 genocide took place.

(iv) The country whose Common Man’s Charter intended to transform it into a socialist state.

(v) The Trusteeship colony under the British from 1945 to 1961.

(b) Outline five objectives of colonial education in Africa.

4. (a) Arrange the following statements in chronological order by writing number 1 to 5 beside the item number in your answer booklet.

(i) Before 1800 AD, Africa and its interior were not known to the outside world.

(ii) Europeans took interest in Africa’s strategic areas with fertile land, minerals and navigable rivers.

(iii) The interior of Africa was exposed to the European world after the work of agents of colonialism.

(iv) By 1880s, many European nations rushed and grabbed parts of the African continent claiming they were their areas of influence.

(v) Reports of the existence of snow-capped mountains in the interior of Africa attracted great interest in the continent.

(b) The items (i-v) consist of four sentences which form a complete historical meaning. One of the sentences (A - E) is missing. Identify the missing sentence and write its letter beside the item number.

(i) 1. The important items from West Africa to North Africa were gold and ivory.

2. West Africa obtained salt, dates and horses from North Africa.

3. __________________________________________.

4. It expanded after the introduction of camel during the 9^th century. 

1.  This trade took place through the Atlantic Ocean.
2.  This trade took place across the Sahara desert. 
3.  This trade took place across the Indian Ocean.
4.  This trade took place after the partition of Africa.
5.  This trade took place after the decolonization of Africa.

(ii) 1. After the Second World War the United States of America advocated for decolonization.

2. __________________________________________.

3. The United States of America wanted the colonizing powers to give independence to their colonies.

4. She wanted to have a freer hand in the exploitation of the ex-colonies.

1.  This was known as the Open Door Policy.
2.  This was known as the Veto Policy.
3.  This was known as the Indirect rule policy.
4.  This was known as the Assimilation Policy.
5.  This was known as the Direct rule Policy.

(iii) 1. In the course of time the White settlers established themselves as stock farmers.

2. They farmed and at the same time kept cattle.

3. Eventually they were referred to as Boers or Afrikaners.

4. __________________________________________.

1.  The language that evolved among them was Khoikhoi.
2.  Their language was known as Xhosa.
3.  They used to speak Spanish and Portuguese languages. 
4.  They adopted different Bantu languages.
5.  The language that evolved among them was Afrikaans.

(iv) 1. Creation of a one party system, did not transfer power to the people.

2. In pursuit of that goal TANU adopted the Arusha Declaration.

3. Following the Arusha Declaration more pronouncements were made in mainland Tanzania.

4. __________________________________________.

1.  These included Education for Self-Reliance and Socialism.
2.  These included Common Man’s Charter and Capitalism.
3.  These included multi-party system and decolonization.
4.  These included nationalism and democratic election.
5.  These included Arusha Declaration and globalization.

(v) 1. During the British period, hospitals were concentrated in areas with dense labour forces.

2. These included the urban centres, settler and company plantations.

3. __________________________________________.

4. The same could be said for the health services offered along the major routes of migrant labourers.

1.  They aimed at improving the standard of living of the Africans. 
2.  They aimed at keeping the colonial labourers fit for production.
3.  They aimed at making the Europeans inferior to the Africans.
4.  The Africans wanted to justify the importance of their medicine.
5.  The British wanted to prevent the Germans from getting treatment.

SECTION C (60 Marks)

Answer three (3) questions from this section.

5. Explain six social factors for early interactions in Africa.

6. “Missionaries prepared Africa for European colonization.” Discuss.

7. Explain six differences between Direct and Indirect rule.

8. Why Mozambique attained her independence through armed struggle? (Give six points).

9. Examine six problems encountered by the Africans during mass nationalism in Africa.

10. Discuss the impact of the Dutch settlement at the Cape by giving six points.

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION EXAMINATION

012  HISTORY

(For Both School and Private Candidates)

Time: 3 Hours Wednesday, 04^th November 2015 p.m.

 1. This paper consists of sections A, B and C.

2. Answer all questions in sections A and B and three (3) questions from section C.

3. Cellular phones are not allowed in the examination room.

4. All drawings should be in pencil.

5. Write your Examination Number on every page of your answer booklet(s).

SECTION A (20 Marks)

Answer all questions in this section.

1. For each of the items (i) ­ (x), choose the correct answer from among the given alternatives and write its letter beside the item number in the answer booklet provided.

(i) The places which are created for preserving historical information are called

1.  archives
2.  archaeology
3.  oral traditions
4.  museums
5.  libraries.

(ii) Which of the following is NOT a historical site in Tanzania?

1.  Isimila.
2.  Olduvai gorge.
3.  Kondoa Irangi.
4.  Kilwa.
5.  Kalenga.

(iii) The family from which man evolved is known as

1.  Zinjanthropus
2.  Homo Habilis
3.  Primates
4.  Homo Sapiens
5.  Homo Erectus.

(iv) What was the achievement of man during the late Stone Age?

1.  Discovered fire and ate cooked food.
2.  Started walking upright using fore­limbs.
3.  Made and used pebble and chopping tools.
4.  Started walking on all four limbs
5.  Established settled communities.

(v) Which one among the following places did people extract salt from salt bearing rocks?

1.  Uvinza and Taghaza.
2.  Taghaza and Bilma.
3.  Axum and Taghaza.
4.  Meroe and Egypt
5.  Uvinza and Bilma.

(vi) Which one among the following factors contributed to the rise of states in Africa?

1.  Low level of productive forces.
2.  Presence of chartered companies.
3.  Hunting and gathering activities.
4.  Absence of classes among the people.
5.  Availability of iron technology.

(vii) Who commanded the respect of all and acted as a unifying force among the Maasai?

1.  Kabaka.
2.  Omukama.
3.  Morani.
4.  Warriors.
5.  Laibon.

(viii) The organization comprising of less developed countries in the world is called

1.  Non­Aligned Movement
2.  Organization of African Unity
3.  East African Community
4.  United Nations Organization
5.  New Partnership for Africa’s Development.

(ix) Which one of the following best explains the reason which made Mozambique to use force during her struggle for independence? 

1. A It was a mandated territory.
2.  It was a trusteeship territory.
3.  It adopted the Open Door Policy.
4.  It was a settler colony.
5.  It was under indirect rule policy.

(x) The following was one of the characteristics of colonial education except

1.  it based on rudimentary curriculum
2.  it segregated the Africans
3.  it focused on literacy and numeracy
4.  it reflected the interests of the Africans.
5.  it was provided to few people.

2. Match the stems in List A with the correct responses in List B by writing the letter of the correct response beside the item number in the answer booklet provided.

SECTION B (20 Marks)

Answer all questions in this section.

3. (a) Draw a sketch map of Africa and locate by using roman numbers;

(i) The country which moved from apartheid to black majority rule in 1994.

(ii) The country which attained political independence in 1957.

(iii) An East African country in which peasant cash crop production predominated.

(iv) The country in which genocide occurred in 1990s.

(v) The country where the headquarters of the OAU Liberation Committee based.

(b) Mention five advantages of museums.

4. (a) Arrange the following statements in chronological order by writing number 1 to 5 beside the item number.

(i) The newly industrialized powers in the 19^th century were Germany and France.

(ii) Britain was the first country to industrialize and she dominated the world’s industrial production.

(iii) During the period of industrial capitalism the capitalists manufactured goods in large quantities.

(iv) This wealth enabled them to invest in new and modern machines.

(v) This was possible because they had accumulated much wealth from commerce and agriculture.

(b) The items (i­v) consist of four sentences which form a complete historical meaning. One of the sentences (A ­ E) is missing. Identify the missing sentence and write its letter beside the item number.

(i) 1. The UN Secretariat headquarters is in New York.

2. __________________________________________.

3. It administers peacekeeping operations in many warring countries.

4. It organizes international conferences. 

1.  It is headed by the Secretary­ General.
2.  It implements the Berlin conference resolutions.
3.  It draws the annual budget of the UNO.
4.  It elects Security Council members.
5.  It recommends the admission of new members.

(ii) 1. The colonial agents came before the establishment of colonial rule in Africa.

2. These colonial agents included explorers, missionaries and traders.

3. The explorers supplied important information to their mother countries.

4. __________________________________________.

1.  Prominent explorers included David Livingstone and John Speke.
2.  Famous explorers in East Africa were Mungo Park and David Livingstone.
3.  The earliest explorers in East Africa were Cecil Rhodes and Karl Peters.
4.  The famous British explorer in Tanganyika was Karl Peters.
5.  William Mackinnon was an explorer who headed Imperial British East African Comany.

(iii) 1. West Africans came into contact with European merchants during the early phase of development of capitalism.

2. The early phase of capitalism was called the phase of primitive accumulation of capital.

3. __________________________________________.

4. During this phase commerce was the most important activity. 

1.  The motives of European merchants were to stop slave trade.
2.  West African societies benefited much from these early contacts.
3.  In Europe it was known as the age of discovery and overseas expansion.
4.  The red Indians for the first time came to trade in West Africa.
5.  In this trade the European slaves were exchanged for African goods.

(iv) 1. Indirect rule was introduced in Africa by Fredrick Lugard.

2. __________________________________________.

3. The system was very cheap.

4. The system reduced resistance from the natives.

1.  Africans used Jumbes and Akidas to represent their problems.
2.  France applied this system in her colonies in Africa.
3.  The system improved the living standard of the Africans.
4.  The British preferred direct rule due to its efficiency.
5.  The system helped the British to consolidate tribalism.

(v) 1. Colonial health services had a significant impact on African communities.

2. They reduced the infant mortality rate.

3. They reduced the numbers of women who died during childbirth.

4. __________________________________________. 

1.  Colonial health services concentrated in rural areas.
2.  Colonial health services encouraged the use of traditional medicine.
3.  There was equal distribution of health services during colonialism.
4.  Medical services led to the higher population growth during colonialism.
5.  Better hygiene practices led to the emergence of civil wars in Africa.

SECTION C (60 Marks) 

Answer three (3) questions from this section.

5. Explain six characteristics of the first non­exploitative mode of production.

6. Elaborate six techniques used by colonialists to obtain labourers during the colonial period.

7. Analyse the problems experienced during the struggle for independence in Tanganyika.

8. Discuss six contributions of the agents of colonialism to the colonization of Africa.

9. With examples show how the establishment of colonial economy affected the African societies. (Give six points).

10. Inherited problems from colonial past are major hindrances to the development of Africa after independence. Justify this statement by giving six points.

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL
 CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION EXAMINATION 

012 HISTORY

(For Both School and Private Candidates)

Time: 3 Hours Wednesday, 05^th November 2014 p.m.

Instructions

1. This paper consists of sections A, B and C.
2. Answer all questions in sections A and B and three (3) questions from section C.
3. Cellular phones are not allowed in the examination room.
4. All drawings should be in pencil.
5. Write your Examination Number on every page of your answer booklet(s).

SECTION A (20 Marks)
Answer all questions in this section.

1. For each of the items (i) - (x), choose the correct answer from among the given alternatives and write its letter beside the item number in your answer booklet.

(i) Cultural practices through which historical information can be obtained include

1.  archaeology, museum and archives
2.  museums, archives and religion 
3. archaeology, funerals and riddles
4. superstitions, religion and riddles
5. oral tradition, museums and archives.

(ii) Which of the following is the famous local museum in Tanzania? 

1.  Olduvai Gorge
2. Bagamoyo
3. Kilwa
4. Kondoa
5. Kalenga.

(iii) In the process of evolution, a true man had appeared by about 

1.  500 years ago
2. 5,000 years ago
3.  50,000 years ago
4. 500,000 years ago
5. 5,000,000 years ago.

(iv) The most crucial changes in the evolution of man were 

1.  bi-pedalism and development of the brain
2. domestication of crops and animals
3.  division of labour and expansion of agriculture
4. establishment of settlements and domestication of crops
5.  discovery of stone tools and fire.

(v) The period which man was able to make chopping and pebble tools is known as 

1.  Late Stone Age
2. Old Stone Age
3.  Middle Stone Age
4. Iron Age
5. Industrial age.

(vi) Cultural practices through which historical information can be obtained include 

1.  Katanga
2. Tanga
3.  Bunyoro
4. Uvinza
5. Meroe.

(vii) When was an International Organization comprising of independent states from all over the world formed?

1.  Towards the end of the abolition of slave trade.
2. Towards the beginning of the First World War. 
3. During the establishment of colonialism.
4. Towards the end of the Second World War.
5. During the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885.

(viii) Why the rulers of small Ngoni groups were able to defeat and consolidate their power to most of the East African societies?

1.  Their female subjects were married by defeated tribes.
2. Their male subjects were agents of colonialism.
3.  Their army used more magic power than weapons.
4.  Their army had poor weapons like guns.
5.  War captives were spared and recruited into Ngoni armies.

(ix) Why the knowledge of iron-working was kept secret in some societies during pre-colonial period?

1.  They wanted to develop division of labour.
2.  Iron had the immediate use value to some societies.
3.  They wanted to maintain monopoly of the blacksmiths.
4.  They had plans of using it in making ornaments.
5. It enabled men to play a middlemans role in salt and gold.

(x) What is the most supreme organ of the United Nations Organization? 

1.  Trusteeship Council
2. Secretariat
3.  Security Council
4.  General Assembly
5. International Court of Justice.

2. Match the stems in List A with the correct responses in List B by writing the letter of the response beside the item number in your answer booklet.

SECTION B (20 Marks)
Answer all questions in this section.

3. (a) Draw a sketch map of East Africa and locate the following:

1. The headquarters of East African Community
2. The capital city of a country whose president was overthrown in a coup in 1971.
3. The East African great slave market which was closed in 1873.
4. The headquarters of the Portuguese rule.
5. The region in Tanganyika which was the best reservoir of labour during the colonial period.

(b) Outline five effects of colonial education in East Africa.

4. (a) Arrange the following statements in chronological order by writing number 1 to 5 beside the item number in your answer booklet.

1. In December 1963, the British handed political power to the Arab minority.
2. It was soon followed by the union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar forming the United Republic of Tanzania.
3. The 1964 Zanzibar revolution was the second attempt made to bring about real political independence.
4. This event was an important step towards the achievement of East African Unity.
5. The revolution was intended to transfer power to the majority.

(b) The items i-v consists of four sentences which form a complete historical meaning. One of the sentences is missing. Identify the missing sentence from the sentences given after each set of items (A - E) and write its letter beside the item number.

(i) 1. In the 13^th century, Ghana crumbled.

2. Its position was taken by several smaller states.

3. Among these was the former kingdom of Kangaba.

4.                                         .

1. Kangaba grew up to become the empire of Songhai.
2. Kangaba was led by Askia Mohamed.
3. Kangaba grew up to become the empire of Mali.
4. Kangaba was led by Osei Tutu.
5. Kangaba disengaged from the grip of the Forest states.

(ii) 1. There were few communal societies in East Africa by 1850.

2.                                .

3. These people still lived in shifting groups of hunters and gatherers.

4. They had few external interactions and maintained their mode of production.

1.  These include the Hadzabe of Tanzania and Tindiga of Uganda.
2. These include the Hadzabe of Uganda and Teuso of Kenya. 
3. These include the Teuso and Dorobo of Kenya.
4. These include the Tindinga of Kenya and Dorobo of Tanzania.
5. These include the Teuso of Uganda and Dorobo of Kenya.

(iii) 1. Post-colonial efforts to develop the commercial sector were greatly influenced by the colonial legacy.

2.  In Kenya, private ownership was greatly consolidated after independence.

3.                          .

4. In Tanzania, various efforts have been made to place the commercial sector in the hands of the people.

1. In Uganda, Milton Obote launched a Common Mans Charter in 1976.
2. Private enterprises were confiscated from the Arabs in Uganda. 
3. In Uganda, Idd Amin repatriated most of the Asian traders and placed their
   commercial enterprises in the hands of his military clique.
4. Portuguese wholesale traders controlled the commercial sector in Uganda.
5. Commercial institutions were closed in Uganda due to bankruptcies.

(iv) 1. Indirect rule enabled the colonial government to solve the problem of the shortage of white personnel.

2. The few white officials could not by themselves administer large and populous colonies without the assistance of local agents.

3.                             .

4. It also promoted divisions along ethnic lines which kept the colonial subjects divided and easy to rule.

A It made the French colonial administrators act only as supervisors.

2. It was a useful system during the struggle for independence. C t was initiated by Fredrick Lugard in northern Angola.
3. It allowed the Africans to register as French citizens.
4. It enabled the colonial state to collect tribute and taxes.

(v) 1. After the 1886 agreement, responsibility for administering Kenya was entrusted to the British COnsul in Zanzibar.

2. However, in 1888 this responsibility was transferred to William Mackinnons East African Company.

3. In the same year, the company received a royal charter.

4.                           .

1. It was named British East African Protectorate.
2. It was renamed the Imperial British East African Company. 
3. It was called the Royal Niger Company.
4. It became known as German East African Company.
5. It was known as Rhodes British Company.

SECTION C (60 Marks)

Answer three (3) questions from this section.

5. Explain six effects of the pre-colonial contacts between the people of Africa and Asia.

6. Elaborate six reasons which made the Boers to escape to escape the Southern African Cape between 1830 and 1850.

7. Analyse six methods that were used by the imperialists in imposing colonial rule in Africa.

8. How were the East African colonies affected by the First World War? Give six points to support your answer.

9. Examine six factors which enabled Tanganyika to attain her independence earlier than Kenya.

10. "Migrant labourers were very useful to the capitalists during colonial economy in Africa." Substantiate this statement by giving six points.

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL
 CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION EXAMINATION   

012 HISTORY

(For School Candidates Only)

Time: 3 Hours Wednesday, 06^th November 2013 p.m.

Instructions

1. This paper consists of sections A, B and C.
2. Answer all questions in sections A and B and three (3) questions from section C.
3. Cellular phones are not allowed in the examination room.
4. All drawings should be in pencil.
5. Write your Examination Number on every page of your answer booklet(s).

SECTION A (20 Marks)
Answer all questions in this section.

1. For each of the items (i) - (x), choose the correct answer from among the given alternatives and write its letter beside the item number.

(i) The action that man takes against nature aims at

1.  studying the changes in the process of material production
2. explaining mans struggle against nature
3.  showing the relationships between man and man in production
4. developing understanding on man and his environment
5. changing natural objects into a condition of satisfying human needs.

(ii) Which of the following are included in the archives? 

1.  Division of time into days, weeks and years.
2. Family trees, time lines and time charts.
3.  Colonial records and early travellers records.
4. Cultural items from the earliest times to the present.
5. Items which show mans physical development.

(iii) Who among the following was the first systematic tool maker and had a bigger brain than that of Zinjanthropus?

1. Homo Habilis.
2. Homo Sapiens. 
3. Homo Eractus.
4. Modern Man.
5. Modern Apes.

(iv) Which of the following best explains the Old Stone Age? 

1. Man made industrial machines.
2. Man established social institutions.
3. Man ate cooked food.
4. Man made tools like hand axes.
5. Man domesticated crops and animals.

(v) In areas such as Kondoa-Irangi, paintings and drawings in caves give evidence of the activities of

1. iron smelters
2. settled communities
3. colonial legacy
4. education for adaptation
5. slave trade and slavery.

(vi) African countries have tried to bring about real independence through 

1. setting up new factories and political instabilities in Africa
2. improving communication system and military coups
3. expanding education and agricultural practices
4. establishing heavy industries and free market economy
5. expanding agricultural production and administering Trust Territories.

(vii) Which of the following societies in West Africa were famous in using copper alloys for making various ornaments?

1. Ibo and Yoruba.
2. Venda and Mashona. 
3. Manganja and Fulani.
4. Yoruba and Mandika.
5. Mandika and Ibo.

(viii) Most of the traders during the early commercial contacts between East Africa and the Far East came from

1. China and Egypt
2. Europe and China
3. Egypt and Indonesia
4. Indonesia and Europe
5. Indonesia and China.

(ix) In Britain, the years between 1780 and 1820 formed the period of transition from commercial capitalism to

1. monopoly capitalism
2. primitive accumulation of capital
3.  the age of mercantilism
4. industrial capitalism
5. the period of scramble for Africa.

(x) One of the features of monopoly capitalism is

1. merging bank capital and trade
2. formation of big African monopolies
3. expansion of industrial production in the capitalist countries
4. growth of small scale production in Europe
5. emergence of slave trade and slavery in Africa.

2. Match the stems in List A with the correct responses in List B by writing the letter of the response beside the item number. The options in List B can be used once, more than once or not at all.

SECTION B (20 Marks)
Answer all questions in this section.  

3. (a) Draw a sketch map of Africa and locate the following: (i) the former German colony of Togo (ii) German Cameroon Protectorate (iii) German East Africa (iv) A coast city of Witu (v) South West Africa.

(b) Outline five characteristics of colonial education in Africa.

(a) Arrange the following statements in chronological order by writing number 1 to 5 beside the item number.

1. The district officers exercised full jurisdiction over the people.
2. German rule was renowned for its harshness.
3. For the same reasons, very few officers could travel without armed escort for fear of being attacked by the people.
4. Force was the base of German rule and each European travelled with a whip.
5. They meted out to "offenders" any punishments they chose.

(b) The items (i-v) consist of four sentences which form a complete historical meaning. One of the sentences is missing. Identify the missing sentence from the sentences given after each set of items (A - E) and write its letter beside the item number.

(i) 1. Commercial contacts between East Africa and the Middle and Far East started around 200 B.C.

2. Early commercial contacts are evidenced by archeological excavations.

3.                                    .

4. The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea written by Greek traders is another evidence.

1. These include all the remains observed by the colonial agents.
2. These show records of colonial administrators.
3. These reveal remains of pottery, porcelain, coins and beads.
4. These reveal ancient pyramids along the coast of East Africa.
5. These reveal the remains of the greatest slave market in Zanzibar.

(ii) 1. The Portuguese search for the sea route to the Far East was sponsored by King Henry.

2.                   .

3. In 1498 captain Vasco Da Gama reached India.

4. Thus the vital direct link between Europe and Asia was established.

1. Their search for a route around Africa began in the 15^th century.
2. Their activities enabled them to make permanent settlement at the Cape. 
3. Their search for a sea route to India started in the 19^th century.
4. Their contacts with the natives led to the growth of a Dutch language.
5. Their arrival in South Africa led to the discovery of gold at Kimberley.

(iii) 1. The British based their administration on the indirect rule system.

2. Under this system each ethnic group was subdivided into several administrative units, each under a chief or headman.

3. Local rulers became paid servants of the colonial administration.

4.                                .

1. They were elected in the Anglo-German legislature.
2. They acted as the spokesmen of the Europeans in Europe.
3. They lost authority they used to have in the pre-colonial period.
4. They signed treaties which were beneficial to the Africans.
5. They were deposed because of collecting taxes effectively.

(iv) 1. Migrant labour helped the planters to keep the wage of the labourers very low.

2. The labourer left his family at home, so he had no responsibility for feeding his family while at the plantation.

3. His family sustained itself at home.

4.                                .

1. The wage the labourer got was actually meant for his own maintenance.
2. The labourer established capitalist companies through this wage. 
3. The wage the labourer got enabled the family to get their basic needs.
4. The labourer used this wage to buy agricultural machines.
5. The African kings used the wages of the labourers to pay the soldiers.

(v) 1. The Security Council is responsible for maintaining peace and security.

2. It is composed of fifteen members, five of which are permanent.

3.                         .

4. The other ten are elected by the General Assembly for a term of two years.

1. The permanent members include USA, China, Italy, Russia and Britain.
2. France, United Kingdom and Italy are some of the permanent members. 
3. China, Canada, USA and Germany are Examples of permanent members.
4. Some of the permanent members are USSR, USA, France and Canada.
5. The permanent members include China, France, USSR and USA.

SECTION C (60 Marks)

Answer three (3) questions from this section.

5. Analyse six causes of the Second World War.

6. "Colonial social services consolidated colonialism in Africa." Justify this statement by giving six points.

7. Elaborate six causes of political instability in Africa.

8. With examples, explain six reasons for African resistances to colonial rule.

9. Analyse six tactics used by the colonialists to establish colonial economy in Africa.

10. "The United Nations Organization (UNO) has some political, social and economic gains to Tanzania." Discuss this statement by giving six points.

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL
 CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION EXAMINATION 

012 HISTORY

(For School Candidates Only)

Time: 3 Hours Wednesday, 06t^h October 2012 p.m.

Instructions

1. This paper consists of sections A, B and C.
2. Answer all questions in sections A and B and three (3) questions from section C.
3. Cellular phones are not allowed in the examination room.
4. All drawings should be in pencil.
5. Write your Examination Number on every page of your answer booklet(s).

SECTION A (20 Marks)
Answer all questions in this section.

1. For each of the items (i) - (x), choose the correct answer from among the given alternatives and write its letter beside the item number.

(i) One of the advantages of the study of history is:

1.  to understand why man is a living creature.
2. to understand the changes in relations between man and environment. 
3. to understand the beginning and the end of the world.
4. to learn to be tolerant to environmental issues.
5. to understand how the environment struggles against man.

(ii) During the 1840s the East African coastal trade was dominated by:

1. Mazrui Arabs
2. Oman Arabs 
3. British traders
4. German traders
5. Indian traders.

(iii) From 1948, the coordination of all matters of common interest to Tanganyika, Kenya and Uganda were placed under the:

1. East Africa Governors Conference.
2. East Africa Coordination Committee. 
3. East Africa Common Services.
4. East Africa High Commission.
5. East Africa Common Market.

(iv) Asante was one of the Forest states which resisted against the: 

1. French
2. Germans
3. Belgians
4. Dutch
5. British.

(v) One of the features of monopoly capitalism was: 

1. the emergence of financial capital.
2. the emergence of new small capitalists. 
3. a tremendous decline of commercial activities.
4. primitive accumulation of capital.
5. export of raw materials.

(vi) The Hamerton treaty (1845) was about:

1. allowing Sultan of Zanzibar to buy slaves outside East Africa.
2. forbidding Sultan of Zanzibar to export slaves outside East Africa. 
3. allowing Sultan of Zanzibar to sell slaves in Arabia.
4. abolishing slave trade and slavery in all British colonies.
5. closing all slave markets along the coast of East Africa.

(vii) Which of the following is the best method of fossil dating for objects which have stayed for several millions of years?

1. Palaeontology. 
2. Potassium Organ method.
3. Archaeology. 
4. Carbon 14 Test.
5. Calcium carbonate.

(viii) The Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) is the term used to denote: 

1. independence given illegally by British to settlers in Rhodesia.
2. the white settlers in Rhodesia declaring their independence. 
3. British refusing to give independence to settlers in Rhodesia.
4. Settlers in Rhodesia acquiring independence from Britain by force.
5. Settlers rejection in Rhodesia to be given self-rule by the British.

(ix) One of the major problems that hindered the attainment of unity in Uganda immediately after independence was:

1. religious conflicts. 
2. dictatorship of Idd Amin.
3. civil wars. 
4. racial segregation.
5. tribalism.

(x) In which organ of UNO is the power of Veto effective? 

1. International Court of Justice.
2. Economic and Social Council.
3. Security Council.
4. Secretariat.
5. General Assembly.

2. Match the stems in List A with the correct responses in List B by writing the letter of the response beside the item number.

SECTION B (20 Marks)
Answer all questions in this section.

3. (a) Draw a sketch map of Africa to show colonial possessions in 1914 and use letters A, B, C, D, and E to locate:

1. A country which resisted colonial rule successfully in 1896.
2. German East Africa.
3. A Portuguese colony of Angola.
4. A British colony which regained her independence in 1957.
5. The biggest Belgian colony in Africa.

(b) Outline five significance of Berlin Conference.

4. (a) Arrange the following statements in chronological order by writing number 1 to 5 beside the item number.

1. African nationalist politics in South Africa started with the formation of the South Africa Native National Congress (SANNC) in 1912.
2. African National Congress (ANC) led by Nelson Mandela established its armed wing known as "Umkhonto we Sizwe" (Spear of the Nation) which immediately embarked upon military operations within South Africa.
3. In 1949 the Youth League launched its "Programme of Action" which aimed at attainment of freedom from white domination.
4. The imposition of capitalist relations of production in South Africa, unlike other parts of the continent, is underlined by racism. This made nationalist struggles in South Africa to be more complicated and long.
5. In 1964, Nelson Mandela was arrested and sent to jail. Later in 1990 he was released and the majority rule was obtained in 1994.

(b) The items (i-v) consist of four sentences which form a complete historical meaning. One of the sentences (A - E) is incorrect. Identify the incorrect sentence and write its letter beside the item number.

(i) 1. Colonial education aimed at imparting capitalist ideology to the recipients.

2.Its content was designed to produce the colonial relations of production.

3. It provided only limited skills and emphasised obedience to the recipients.

4.                                 .

1. It trained sons of chiefs so as to reproduce a royal European leadership.
2. It had series of examinations which were set abroad. Nobody could go to another stage without passing the examination.
3. It was based on racial segregations.
4. It had more males enrolled than females.
5. It aimed at serving the colonial state rather than indigenous people.

(ii) 1. One of the factors for the rise of African Nationalism was that USA reinforced her Open Door Policy and supported decolonization processes in Africa.

2. Pan-Africanism in its 1945 Manchester Congress also demanded blacks autonomy.

3.                                 .

4. The independence of Asian countries such as India and Pakistan fuelled the process of decolonization in Africa.

1. USSR supported decolonization processes in Africa because of ideological reasons.
2. UNO was against decolonization and it strived for equality and human dignity.
3. Some Africans learnt from the World Wars how to participate in struggles.
4. The African elites became politically conscious and formed political parties.
5. Colonial intensive exploitation motivated African hatred and negative attitude against colonialism.

(iii) 1. Colonial economy in East Africa involved three systems of agriculture which were settler, peasant and plantation.

2.Peasant cash crop system was the backbone of the colonial production in Uganda.

3. The introduction of peasant economy in uganda was due to the fear of resistance from the peasants.

4.                            .

1. Some areas were thought unfit for white settlement in Uganda.
2. Governors such as Harry johnson preferred peasant agriculture. 
3. Unlike other systems, peasant agriculture was cheap.
4. It was easy to open up larger agricultural farms in Uganda.
5. Kabaka disliked settlers to occupy the peasants land.

(iv) 1. Slave trade in Africa was stimulated by the external economic forces to meet the demands of West European capitalism.

2. In West and East Africa the activities of capturing and selling slaves involved African chiefs, Arab and Swahili traders.

3.                                    .

4. In 19^th century, the slave trade was abolished.

1. Development of industrial capitalism in Western Europe in the 19^th century made slave trade useless.
2. Due to massive shipment of slaves, there was a scarcity of slaves in African continent by the 19^th century.
3. Humanitarians argued against slave trade and slavery.
4. Due to American independence in 1776, European merchants could no longer transport slaves to America.
5. French Revolution contributed to its abolition.

(v) 1. Tanganyika achieved her independence in 1961.

2. Since independence she has been trying to solve her social, economic and political problems by initiating various policies and strategies.

3. Establishment of education for Self Reliance was one of the ways of solving her economic problems.

4.                                    .

1. Nationalization of land in 1962 aimed at eliminating feudal systems to enable the majority to access land.
2. Building of infrastructures such as the Tanzania-Zambia railway had the purpose of facilitating smooth transportation in the country.
3. The formation of East Africa Community in 1960s aimed at increasing economic cooperation among East African countries.
4. Adaptation of one Party system in 1990s was a strategy of solving political problems by promoting the national unity within a country.
5. Arusha Declaration in 1967 aimed at building of the socialist nation free from exploitation.

SECTION C (60 Marks)

Answer three (3) questions from this section.

5. Explain six prerequisites for state formation in pre-colonial Africa.

6. Identify six factors which determined the variation of agricultural systems during the colonial period.

7. Elaborate six consequences of Ngoni migration into East Africa in the 19t^h century.

8. Analyse six problems facing African countries that originated from their colonial heritage.

9. With concrete examples from various parts of Africa, assess eight factors that determined the forms of decolonization in Africa.

10. Analyse four causes and four effects of the Second World War on Africa.

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL
 CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION EXAMINATION   

012 HISTORY

(For School Candidates Only)

Time: 3 Hours Wednesday, 05t^h October 2011 p.m.

Instructions

1. This paper consists of sections A, B and C.
2. Answer all questions in sections A and B and three (3) questions from section C.
3. Cellular phones are not allowed in the examination room.
4. All drawings should be in pencil.
5. Write your Examination Number on every page of your answer sheet(s).

SECTION A (20 Marks)
Answer all questions in this section.

1. For each of the items (i) - (x), choose the correct answer from among the given alternatives and write its letter beside the item number.

(i) Which is not true about History?

1. History is a study of changes in the process of material production.
2. History shows mans struggle against nature.
3. History shows the changing relationship between human beings in the course of material production.
4. History is a record of human activities.
5. History is a study of great heroes.

(ii) Which among the following describes Homosapiens correctly?

1. Thinking man. 
2. Tool-maker.
3. Early man.
4. Modern man.
5. Man at early Stone Age.

(iii) Which of the following was not a reason for the coming of Europeans to Africa before 1800? 

1. To find an alternative route to India and Far East.
2. To abolish slave trade and introduce Christianity. 
3. o find a new source of trade.
4. To look for gold, silver and spices in Africa and Asia.
5. To capture and control the Indian Ocean trade.

(iv) The leader of Chimurenga uprising of 1896-1897 in Rhodesia were 

1. Mkwati and Kinjekitile
2. Siginyamatish and Lobengula.
3. Mkwati and Siginyamatish.
4. Mkwati and Lobengula.
5. Lobengula and Rumunguru.

(v) The disintegration of Soviet Union influenced the 

1. demise of socialism and monopartism.
2. collapse of the League of Nations.
3. end of VETO system in the UNO.
4. disintegration of the Non-Alignment Movement.
5. fragmentation of NATO.

(vi) Which of the following statements is true about the ancient Empire of Mali? 

1. It first came into power with the defeat of Sundiata by Sumanguru.
2. It was overthrown by invasion from Ghana.
3. It extended its boundaries as far as Lake Chad.
4. It grew rich by controlling Trans Saharan trade.
5. It was formed after the collapse of Songhai Empire.

(vii) Menelick II became Emperor of Ethiopia in

1. 1895 
2. 1886 
3. 1889
4. 1893 
5. 1896

(viii) The idea of forming an organisation of Non Aligned Countries originated at

1. Bandung Afro Asian Congress in 1955.
2. Bandung Afro Asian Congress in 1961. 
3. Belgrade Yugoslavia in 1955.
4. Belgrade Yugoslavia in 1961.
5. United Socialist Union of Russia in 1961

(ix) Which of the following was not encouraged by the policies of Ujamaa in Tanzania? 

1. The cooperative movement.
2. Regional development for equity.
3. Villagisation Camps.
4. Peoples self projects.
5. Peoples development through self reliance.

(x) The Trans Atlantic slave trade had the following outcome except 

1. loss of African culture.
2. loss of African technology.
3. loss of manpower in Africa.
4. the growth of forest states of Benin, Oyo and Ife.
5. scramble of Africa by European nations

2. Match the stems in List A with the correct responses in List B by writing the letter of the response beside the item number.

SECTION B (20 Marks )

Answer all questions in this section.

3. (a) Draw a sketch map of Africa and on it show the following sites of African resistances:

(i) Nama and Herero 

(ii) Mandika 

(iii) Abushiri-Bwana Hen revolts

(iv) Adowa 

(v) Chimurenga.

(b) For each resistance in (a) above, mention the European nations which were resisted by Africans.

(a) Arrange the following statements in chronological order by writing number 1 to 5 beside the item number.

1. The majimaji war was unique in the way it united a number of different tribes in common rebellion.
2. The German authorities were surprised when their headquarters and officials were attacked.
3. The last and most serious revolt against German rule broke out in July 1905.
4. The immediate cause of discontent was the governments cotton scheme.
5. A prophet named Kinjekitile of Ngarambe declared that magic water will turn bullets into water.

(b) The items (i) - (iv) consist of four sentences which form a complete historical meaning. One sentence is missing. Identify the missing sentence from the sentences given after each set of items and write its letter beside the item number.

(i) 1. The First World War lasted from 1914 to 1918.

2. It was primarily a struggle between the major powers of Europe.

3.                               .

4. Although the First World War involved purely European issues, it was inevitable
that the overseas empires of the two sides would be involved. 

1. Britain, France and their allies were fighting against Germany, Austria and Turkey.
2. The killing of Franz Archduke became one of the long term causes of war. 
3. Germans, France and Italy joined and fight against triple alliance of
   Britain, Russia and USA. 
4. Tanganyika was to be under German rule after the war.
5. All European Nations struggled for colonies in the Balkan states.

(ii) 1. Indirect rule was introduced by Lugard in northern Nigeria.

2. It became necessary for British to find collaborators to colonise Africa.

3.                                   .

4. The local Africans chiefs appointed their own officials but with approval of the British colonial officials.

1. German and Portuguese also applied indirect rule system of administration in their colonies.
2. Under the indirect rule African chiefs were instruments of colonial local government.
3. Under indirect rule the colonialists appointed Akidas and Jumbes to assist colonial officers.
4. The presence of many colonial officers enabled the introduction of indirect rule.
5. The presence of few settlers in Africa influenced the introduction of indirect rule in order to incorporate Africans in settler plantations.

(iii) 1. Just like their neighbours of Uganda and German East Africa, the Kenyans resisted the imposition of colonial rule.

2.                                         .

3.The Manzrui dynasty and their supporters led the first armed uprising against the British occupation.

4. They hoped that after the departure of the Imperial British East African Company they might regain their independence.

1. Some local rulers collaborated with the imperialists while others resisted.
2. All Africans in Kenya were against imposition of colonial rule hence they resisted the imperialists.
3. The imperial British East African company of William MacKinnon became very famous and enabled many Africans in Kenya to accept colonial rule.
4. In some places Africans resisted the imperialists because they had suffered greatly from natural calamities.
5. The colonialists imported soldiers from abroad in order to silence Nandi resistance.

(iv) 1. Man learnt how to make iron tools about 3,000 years ago.

2. In Africa the knowledge of making and using iron tools developed at different times and different places.

3.It is believed that the first people to make and use iron were the people in Egypt and Ethiopia around 600 B.C.

4.                              

1. The use of iron became very important for development of hunting and gathering in most African societies.
2. By the beginning of the Christian era the idea of iron was already developed along River Niger basin.
3. African pastoralist activity was accompanied with iron technology.
4. Crop and animal husbandry was a crucial turning point in the history of man.
5. Around 200 B.C. Meroe, Axum and Nok had become important iron smelting centres.

(v) 1. The first major area of contact between East Africa and capitalist world was
trade. 

2.                          .

3. Before 1850s, the major commodities sought from East Africa were slaves and
ivory. 

4. Slaves were destined for Gulf States to work in date plantations and others to
Mauritius and Reunion islands to work in sugar plantations. 

1. By 1845 all major capitalist powers had signed treaties of friendship with Sultan of Zanzibar in order to get slaves.
2. East Africa was integrated in the system of international trade through operation of merchant capital.
3. Like the rest of the continent, East Africa was grossly affected by the growth of monopoly capitalism.
4. Intensive competition and declining of home market led to drastic drop in profit.
5. Kilwa and Mozambique Island attracted much of trade from the southern interior of East Africa.

SECTION C (60 Marks)
Answer three (3) questions from this section.  

5. Account for six reasons that led to the scramble for and partition of Africa in the second half of the 19^th century.

6. Analyse eight impacts of coastal based long distance trade system on social, political and economic development of East African societies during the 19^th century.

7. Elaborate six ways in which the Zanzibar Revolution brought positive changes in the living conditions of the people of Isles.

8. Examine eight challenges of Non Aligned organisation.

9. "The independence of Ghana of 1957 strengthened the struggle for independence for other African States." Justify by giving six relevant points.

10. Discuss the three stages through which slave trade was abolished in East Africa during the 19t^h century.

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION EXAMINATION 

012 HISTORY

(For School Candidates Only)

Time: 3 Hours Wednesday, 6^th October 2010 p.m.

Instructions

1. This paper consists of sections A, B and C.
2. Answer all questions in sections A and B and three (3) questions from section C.
3. Calculators are not allowed in the examination room.
4. Cellular phones are not allowed in the examination room.
5. All drawings should be in pencil.
6. Write your Examination Number on every page of your answer booklet (s).

SECTION A (20 Marks)
Answer all questions in this section.

1. For each of the items (i) - (x), choose the correct answer from among the given alternatives and write its letter beside the item number.

(i) One of the effects regarding the coming of Europeans to West Africa was 

1. the introduction of iron technology
2. establishment of heavy industries
3. the growth of western Sudanic states
4. the distortion of the Trans-Saharan Trade
5. the decline of tribal wars.

(ii) The following are functions of the clan heads except 

1. allocating land for agriculture
2. choosing spouses for the young men
3. settling conflicts
4. presiding over religious ceremonies
5. ruling a number of villages.

(iii) The prominent groups of people in iron working in Africa included the 

1. Venda people of Northern Africa and Mashona of Zimbabwe
2. Mashona of Zambia and Manganja of Malawi
3. Nubians of Sudan and the Venda of Northern Transvaal
4. Nubians of Kongo and the Mashona of Zimbabwe
5. Ibo and Yoruba in West Africa.

(iv) One of the notable United Nations failure in its objectives is its inability to 

1. control food shortage
2. eradicate colonial rule
3. establish tribunes for war criminals
4. prevent big powers from violating its principles
5. control poverty in Africa.

(v) The Boers who trekked away from the cape colony in the late 1830s were known as the 

1. Voortrekkers
2. Isandlahwana
3. Afrikaners Bond
4. Uitlanders
5. Khoisan

(vi) Written records as a source of history are more preferred to oral traditions because of the following reason.

1. Written records do not require space
2. Oral traditions can be exaggerated and it is difficult to reproduce the same contents
3. Oral traditions are expressed in centuries
4. Written records do not require language as a medium of communication
5. Oral traditions are controlled by leaders of a given society.

(vii) Karl Peters signed a number of treaties with African chiefs on the coastal hinterland of Tanganyika because he wanted to

1. please chancellor Bismark of Germany
2. establish the unity among African chiefdoms
3. accomplish colonial economic motives of the German East Africa Company
4. accomplish the signing of the Heligoland Treaty
5. recruit the chief of Msowero to become member of the German East African Company.

(viii) The demise of the Portuguese in East African Coast could be explained as

1. the Portuguese rivals overpowered them
2. the Portuguese did not have enough soldiers and administrators to control their empire 
3. Portuguese soldiers were corrupt and brutal
4. the Portuguese control of the Indian Ocean trade and gold in Mwenemutapas empire was less profitable
5. Portugal had already industrialised.

(ix) Which major problem faced independent Africa in political aspects after independence?

1. Low income to the majority
2. Experts without white collar job 
3. The balance of ministers from former colonial masters
4. Size of independent states
5. Imbalance in power sharing

(x) Indirect Rule was predominant in the following regions 

1. South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe
2. Uganda, Nigeria and Tanganyika
3. Uganda, Kenya and Zanzibar
4. Zimbabwe, Kenya and Congo
5. Cameroon, Namibia and Tanganyika

2. Match the stems in List A with the correct responses in List B by writing the letter of the response beside the item number.

SECTION B (20 Marks)
Answer all questions in this section.

3. (a) Draw a sketch of East Africa and mark the following important railway stations in colonial economy: Kampala to Kasese, Mombasa to Kisumu, Mombasa to Kampala, Dar es Salaam to Mpanda and Tanga to Moshi.

(b) Outline five (5) roles of the constructed means of transport during colonial period.

4. (a) Arrange the following statements in chronological order by using number 1 to 5 to write beside the item number.

1. The further they pushed into the interior the more the African societies were affected
   by this violence. 
2. They killed, enslaved and robbed Africans of their land and cattle.
3. The African societies in the Mfecane area were already affected by two forces coming from European expansionism of the time.
4. Their contact with Africans was constantly violent.
5. First their was the penetration of white colonialists northwards from the cape as farmers and cattle herders.

(b) In each item (i-v) there are four sentences which form a complete historical meaning. One sentence is missing. Identify the missing sentence from the sentences given below each item and write its letter beside the item number.

(i) 1. Just like their neighbours Uganda and Tanganyika, the Kenyans resisted the imposition of colonial rule.

2. Here also some local rulers collaborated with the imperialists while others
adopted armed action against the enemy. 

3.                                .

4. The Mazrui Arabs had earlier disputed the sovereignity of the Sultan of Zanzibar
over their territory. 

5.  In fact, they had hoped that after the departure of Imperial British East African
Company in 1893 they might regain their independence. 

1. The next major resistance was staged by Chagga in northern Tanganyika.
2. The Mazrui dynasty and their supporters along the coast of Kenya led the first armed uprising against British occupation.
3. The Luyia of the Kavirondo collaborated with British and Germans in South.
4. The people finally resolved to get rid of this oppression and exploitation in July 1905.
5. The Masai were not attacked by several natural disasters especially cholera, small pox and rinderpest during the time of resistance.

(ii) 1. The art of making iron was one of the most important discoveries for mans social and economic development.

2.  The people who involved themselves in iron industry were called blacksmiths
who learned how to identify rocks containing iron ore. 

3.                                    .

4.  In many societies for example, women were not allowed to go near furnaces
while iron processing was in progress. 

5.  African iron smiths were found among the Venda, Mashona, Manganja and
people around Kalambo falls. 

1. In the early period the knowledge of iron working was known to every one in a society.
2. In the early period, the knowledge of iron working was known by men only.
3. In the early period the knowledge of iron working was kept secret in order
   to maintain the monopoly of black smiths. 
4. In the early period the knowledge of iron working was confined to African chiefs and their sons.
5. In the early period the knowledge of iron working was also practiced by the Queens.

(iii) 1. Clan organization was formed by several related families which were early permanent agricultural societies

2.                                    .

3. Clan organization developed both in Matrilineal and Patrilineal societies.

4.  In Matrilineal societies the clan heritage was based on the mother e.g. the Makonde, Yao and Makua

5.  In Patrilineal societies the clan heritage was based on father e.g. the Hehe, Bena and Haya.

1. The people in the clan organization were governed by grandfathers and mothers.
2. The people in the clan organization were governed by clan heads.
3. The people in clan organization were governed by chiefs.
4. The people in clan organization were governed by the king.
5. The people in clan organization were governed by all elder people in the clan.

(iv) 1. The UN secretariat headquarters is in New York.

2. It administers peace keeping operations in many countries which are in wars.

3. It implements the decisions of the General Assembly.

4. It mediates international disputes.

5.                               .

1. It fixes sanctions on the aggressive states.
2. It takes military actions against aggressors.
3. It recommends the admission of new members.
4. It draws annual budget of the UN.
5. It formulates plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armament.

(v) 1. Peasant agriculture was cultivation of crops by Africans around their homestead.

2.                                  .

3. In East Africa this form of production mainly took place in Uganda.

4.  The peasants produced coffee and cotton then sold it to the colonialist at low price.

5. In Tanganyika there was a form of peasant agriculture in Buhaya, Kilimanjaro, Tukuyu and Usukuma after 1926.

1. In East Africa Lord Delamere started opening plantations in Uganda in 1903.
2. Peasants also grew tea, tobacco, pyrethrum, and rubber using machines and modem ways.
3. It was production of cash crops in big farms.
4. There were larger estates which were created through land alienation.
5. They depended on family labour which used traditional tools like hoes, axes and knives.

SECTION C (60 Marks)

Answer three (3) questions from this section.

3. Account for the rise and fall of Oyo Empire in the 19^th century.

5. Examine the reasons for the development of the Trans-Saharan Trade and the effects it brought in the Western Sudanic region.

6. With examples from East or West Africa, show how company rule helped to create European colonization in Africa.

7. Briefly analyse the pattern of colonial infrastructure in mainland Tanzania and show how it facilitated exploitation of the country.

9. Account for the Ethiopias successful resistance against colonialism.

10. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of the